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Sura (alcoholic beverage)
Surāh (Sanskrit and Pāli; Devanāgarī: सुरा) is a strong distilled alcoholic beverage. It is referred to as an anaesthetic by Suśruta (a surgeon in India around 4 BCE) before the advent of surgical operation. Other ancient medical authorities also mention it; Charaka referred to making a woman with a miscarriage senseless to pain by administering alcoholic drinks like ''surāh'', ''sīdhu'', ''ariṣṭa'', ''madhu'', ''madirā'' or ''āsava''.〔Shri C. DWARAKANATH (1965) Use of opium and cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India. UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics. Issue 1, No. 003. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1965-01-01_1_page004.html〕
The method for preparation appears in the Atharvaveda〔Marianne S. Oort (2002) Sura in the Paippalada Samhita of the Atharvaveda J. Am. Orient. Soc. Vol. 122, No. 2. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28200204%2F06%29122%3A2%3C355%3ASITPSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage〕 in the Kandas 5 and 8.
In Buddhist texts ''surāh'' is mentioned as one of intoxicating drinks, along with (Pali) ''meraya'' (Sanskrit ''maireya'', a drink made with sugar cane and several spices〔Arthashastra http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/kautilya/book02.htm〕) and ''majja'' (maybe equivalent of Sanskrit ''madhu'', mead or hydromel), and renunciation of its usage constitutes the 5th of the Buddhist precepts (pañca-sīlāni): "I undertake the training rule to abstain from fermented drinks which cause heedlessness" (''Surāmerayamajjapamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇī sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyāmi'').
==References==
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